Hearthpwn

EDIT 21.7.2017: I made some changes to account R5+ meta slightly better. I've been seeing mostly Evolve Shamans, Murloc/Control Paladins, Swarm Druids, Miracle "Gardener" Rogues (w/ Edwin & Arcane Giants) and Mages of all sorts. These five classes together makes up roughly 55-60% of all matchups, making Jade Druid and Taunt Warrior relatively uncommon sights.

The original list (shown in screenshots) is still good for climbing purposes, but once you hit R5 you'll start seeing burst decks more often.

Proof:

Stats:

More stats (pie chart):

 

Here's a Control list I've had good success on EU ladder this season.

This list demolishes aggro decks to no end, while retaining very good matchup against slower Control lists such as Paladins and Taunt Warriors. Jade Druid matchup comes down to whether you can outpressure them or if they go rampant with Jade generation from the get go. Only decks that really causes trouble are Mages due to their nigh-infinite fast bursting option & our lack of early pressure minions, but Miracle Rogues can also burst you if you're not careful.

With this deck you'll always want to mulligan as if you're facing aggressive decks: Always keep Mistress/Thalnos, Doomsayer, Claws, Stonehill and Lightning Storm/Volcano. If you get an AoE, consider keeping Devolve as well.

Against Control, you'll want to milk Spirit Echo value much as possible: Try sticking it on Stonehills, Waterspeakers and Deathrattle minions, but in a pinch don't underestimate Echoed Jade Golems either.

I'll go over some of the less obvious card picks here:

Mistress of Mixtures: This card contests early minions nicely, while also restoring your Health when she bites the dust. Not quite as good vs Control lists, but I'm always glad to see Rag shot hit her instead of my face.
OR
Bloodmage Thalnos: Better against Control & burst lists, if you're running Maelstrom Portal you really should find room for Thalnos.

Doomsayer: We have Stonehill Defenders to protect her, while also giving awkward time for Midrange/Control lists whenever you play him + MTT on same turn.
Maelstrom Portal doesn't always impede early aggression, but Doomsayer on the other hand occasionally forces your opponent to skip a turn (which is insanely useful for halting aggro stomp).
Personal mileage may wary, you can swap this out if it's not working out for you.

Jade package: Jade Claws, Jade Lightning and Aya Blackpaw aren't netting you 8/8 minions, but that's no reason to overlook the Jade package. Even individually they offer good removal tools, while the tokens can be treated as icing on the cake. You'll often end up seeing them reaching 5/5 or even 6/6, which is plenty enough to give your opponent a headache.

Far Sight/Acolyte of Pain: Both of these offers more card draw opportunities. These are good tech picks against aggro decks (when you need to dig for answers), but if you're facing lots of Control or burst, look elsewhere... for example
OR
Jade Spirit: More Jades is good, especially vs other Control decks. More pressure you can put out the better, this is also good for negating random secrets like Repentance or Mirror Entity. Also, great synergy with Spirit Echoes, which is always an upside.

Spirit Echo: The meat and potatoes of the deck, these lets us outvalue Control decks in drawn-out matches big time. Sometimes it's handy to bounce even just a freebie 0/2 Taunt or Spell Damage totem in our hand, but be careful not to mill yourself in process!

White Eyes & Cairne Bloodhoof: Big threatening Deathrattle minions, being real PITA for Control decks to remove efficiently. Cairne is more of a tech choice vs Taunt Warriors and Control Paladins, those games drag on long enough for Cairne to generate notable value, but he won't do much against burst decks.

 

I can write a more detailed guide & post some replays bit later, but the deck plays out relatively similarly in most matchups: Mulligan for early minions, AoE and weapons, use AoE wisely and start outvaluing your enemy with big fatties & Spirit Echoes.
Against Priests you'll ALWAYS want to keep Devolve in your opening hand as it nullifies both Miracle and Silence Priests effectively.